"DEMOCRATIC SOCIALISM? déjà VU ALL OVER AGAIN" ENDNOTES
1. Eugene Debs, "The Canton, Ohio, Speech [June 16, 1918]," in Eugene V. Debs Speaks, ed. Jean Y. Tussey (New York: Pathfinder Press, 1970), 271.
2. Marifeli Pérez-Stable, The Cuban Revolution: Origins, Course, and Legacy (New York: Oxford University Press, 2012), 103.
3. For example, Paul Buhle and Mari Jo Buhle call Debs "a symbol of democratic socialism" ("The Face of American Socialism before Bernie Sanders? Eugene Debs," The Guardian, March 23, 2019, https://www. theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/mar/23/american-socialism-bernie-sanders-eugene-debs); Michael Kazin writes about Debs going to jail and how he "emerged from his cell a democratic socialist" ("How Eugene Debs Became a Socialist," Dissent, Spring 2019, https://www.dissentmagazine.org/article/how- eugene-debs-became-a-socialist); the opening words of a National Public Radio piece claim "Eugene Debs was the first major Democratic Socialist in American history" (Will Huntsberry, "Eugene V. Debs Museum Explores History Of American Socialism," NPR, May 2, 2016, https://www.npr.org/2016/05/02/476498750/ eugene-v-debs-museum-explores-history-of-american-socialism); Nick French writes about "the democratic-socialist tradition to which Bernie Sanders, Martin Luther King, and Eugene Debs belong" ("Democratic Socialism Is about Freedom," Jacobin, March 2020, https://www.jacobinmag.com/2020/03/ democratic-socialism-freedom-rights-authoritarianism-capitalism).
4. Eugene V. Debs, "The Mission of Socialism Is Wide as the World," in The Social Democratic Herald 4, no. 4 (July 13, 1901): 1, 4.
5. Eugene V. Debs, "Greetings to Our Russian Comrades [November 7, 1918]," in Voices of Revolt—Speeches of Eugene V. Debs (New York: International Publishers, 1928), 68.
6. Debs, "Canton, Ohio, Speech," 271.
7. Debs, "Canton, Ohio, Speech," 271.
8. Richard Pipes, A Concise History of the Russian Revolution (New York: Vintage Books, 1996), 160.
9. Pipes, Concise History, 162.
10. Eugene Debs, "Embattled Liberators," The Liberator 5, no. 11 (December 1922): 12.
11. Earl Browder, "Twenty Years of Soviet Power: The Triumph of Democracy Through Socialism" (speech), October 10, 1937, Eighth Dominion Convention of the Communist Party of Canada.
12. Bernard Shaw, The Fabian Society: It's Early History (London: Fabian Society, 1899).
13. Sue Donnelly, "Hammering Out a New World—The Fabian Window at LSE," London School of Economics, September 13, 2017, https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/lsehistory/2017/09/13/ hammering-out-a-new-world-the-fabian-window-at-lse/.
14. Margaret Cole, The Story of Fabian Socialism (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1964), 29. Also see "Our History," The Fabian Society, accessed December 2, 2020, https://fabians.org.uk/about-us/our-history/.
15. Sidney Webb and Beatrice Webb, Soviet Communism: A New Civilisation? (London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1935).
16. The Webbs note the human cost of, for example, farm collectivization, even as they rationalize this
cost: "Dire as has been its cost in human life and suffering, few … still doubt its superiority over the old way of farming." Sidney Webb and Beatrice Webb, Soviet Communism: A New Civilisation, 3rd ed. (London, Longmans, Green and Co., 1944), 943.
17. Beatrice Webb, Introduction to Soviet Communism, 3rd ed., xxi.
18. Beatrice Webb, Introduction to Soviet Communism, 3rd ed., xlix.
19. Beatrice Webb, Introduction to Soviet Communism, 3rd ed., xlix.
20. Beatrice Webb, Introduction to Soviet Communism, 3rd ed., xlviii.
21. Anne Applebaum, Red Famine: Stalin's War on the Ukraine (New York: Doubleday, 2017), 280. Kindle. Estimates of those dead from the famine are roughly 4 million on the low end. On the basis of this figure and the evidence that shows that 90% of the deaths (3,600,000) occurred in 1933, it's clear that during the peak of the famine, over 10,000 perished each day.
22. Miron Dolot, Execution by Hunger: The Hidden Holocaust (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1985).
23. Applebaum, Red Famine.
24. Lynne Viola, Stalinist Perpetrators on Trial (New York: Oxford University Press, 2017), 3, 15. Kindle.
25. Viola, Stalinist Perpetrators, 95. See also Yevgenia Albats, The State Within a State: The KGB and Its Hold on Russia—Past, Present and Future, trans. Catherine Fitzpatrick (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1994), 80–81.
26. Klutisis fought as a socialist in the Russian Revolution and afterwards served in a unit guarding Vladimir Lenin; see Margarita Tupitsyn, "Gustav Klutsis: Scenarios of Authorial Pursuits," The Print Collector's Newsletter 22, no. 5 (November–December 1991): 161. Tupitsyn notes that Klutsis' experiences in the Russian Revolution and as a guard for Lenin surely lead Klutsis to believe "that his art should have a direct connection to the political goals for which he had fought."
27. Klutsis was executed on February 26, 1938, at the Butovo Training Ground, along with 562 others. See Iveta Derkusova, "The Creativity of Gustav Klutsis," Marc Chagall Museum in Vibetsk, accessed November 19, 2020, http://chagal-vitebsk.com/node/238; "Butovo training ground lists of those shot," GeekApple, accessed November 19, 2020, https://geekapple.ru/en/sociologiya/butovskii-poligon-spiski-rasstrelyannyh-publikacii/.
28. Yevgenia Albats, State Within a State, 101.
29. Anne Applebaum, Gulag (New York: Doubleday, 2004), 15, 54. Kindle.
30. Applebaum, Gulag, 15–16.
31. Applebaum, Gulag, 13.
32. For background on socialism's foundation on anti-liberal mandatory duty, see the Red Flags Press paper "Our 'So-Called' Rights."
33. For background on socialism's call to eliminate supposedly "useless" jobs, see the Red Flags Press paper "The Socialist Obsession."
34. Webb and Webb, Soviet Communism, 3rd ed., 437.
35. Webb and Webb, Soviet Communism, 3rd ed., 437.
36. Webb and Webb, Soviet Communism, 3rd ed., 437.
37. Michael Harrington, "What Socialists Would Do in America—If They Could," Dissent, Fall 1978, 445.
38. The revered socialist thinkers Louis Blanc and Étienne Cabet are credited with developing the specific "from each according to his ability" phrasing for the socialist standard of duty in the 1840s. One example from Blanc is found in the pamphlet Nouveau discours de M. Louis Blanc sur l'organisation du travail devant l'assemblée générale des délègues des travailleurs (Paris: Commission du Gouvernement Pour Travailleurs, 1848), 10: "chacun produise selon son aptitude et ses forces, que chacun consomme selon ses besoins." The saying also appears on the cover art of an 1848 edition of Cabet's novel describing a perfected socialist society, Voyage en Icarie.
39. For example, article XIV of the 1977 Constitution of the USSR reads: "The state exercises control over the measure of labour and of consumption in accordance with the principle of socialism: 'From each according to his ability, to each according to his work.'" Moscow: Novosti Press Agency Publishing House, 1985.
40. Pérez-Stable, Cuban Revolution, 103.
41. John O. Koehler, Stasi: The Untold Story of the East German Secret Police (Boulder: Westview Press, 1999), 9. Kindle. See also: Jens Gieseke, The History of the Stasi, trans. David Burnett (New York: Berghahn Books, 2014).
42. Koehler, Stasi, 285.
43. "The Party's Four-Year Plan to Build Socialism in All Fields," quoted in David P. Chandler, Brother Number One: A Political Biography Of Pol Pot (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1999), 121. Kindle.
44. Constitution of Democratic Kampuchea, art. XIII. See Phnom Penh: Documentation Center of Cambodia, d.dccam.org/Archives/Documents/DK_Policy/DK_Policy_DK_Constitution.htm.
45. Craig Etcheson, "'The Number'—Quantifying Crimes Against Humanity in Cambodia," Phnom Penh: Documentation Center of Cambodia, 1999.
46. David Chandler, Ben Kiernan, and Chanthou Bousa, Pol Pot Plans the Future: Confidential Leadership Documents from Democratic Kampuchea, 1976–1977 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988), xiii, 3, 14.
47. Xizhe Peng, "Demographic Consequences of the Great Leap Forward in China's Provinces," Population and Development Review 13, no. 4 (December 1987): 639–70; Wei Li and Dennis Tao Yang, "The Great Leap Forward: Anatomy of a Central Planning Disaster," Journal of Political Economy 113, no. 4 (August 2005): 840– 77. This latter study estimates the death toll from the combined result of Great Leap Forward and the drought of the period at 23 million.
48. The Yale University Genocide Studies Program estimates the Cambodian dead from the rule of the Khmer Rouge to be over 3 million ("Cambodian Genocide Program," Genocide Studies Program, accessed December 2, 2020, https://gsp.yale.edu/case-studies/cambodian-genocide-program). See Etcheson, "The Number."