"THE 'KETO-FRIENDLY' POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY" ENDNOTES
1. Over a century ago, famed American socialist Eugene Debs equated "socialize" and "democratize": "But these tools and materials and forces must be released from private ownership and control, socialized, democratized, and set in operation for the common good of all instead of the private profit of the few." Eugene Debs, "Industrial and Social Democracy," in Labor and Freedom: The Voice and Pen of Eugene V. Debs (St. Louis: Phil Wagner, 1916), 74, emphasis added.
2. Though Debs called himself a "social democrat" and founded socialist parties named the Social Democratic Party of America and Social Democracy of America, he is today labeled a "democratic socialist." Paul and Mari Jo Buhle call Debs "a symbol of democratic socialism" (Paul Buhle and Mari Jo Buhle, "The Face of American Socialism before Bernie Sanders? Eugene Debs," The Guardian, March 23, 2019, https://www. theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/mar/23/american-socialism-bernie-sanders-eugene-debs); Michael Kazin writes about how Debs went to jail and "emerged from his cell a democratic socialist" (Michael Kazin, "How Eugene Debs Became a Socialist," Dissent, Spring 2019, https://www.dissentmagazine.org/article/how- eugene-debs-became-a-socialist); and the opening words of a National Public Radio piece report that "Eugene Debs was the first major Democratic Socialist in American history" (Will Huntsberry, "Eugene V. Debs Museum Explores History of American Socialism," NPR, May 2, 2016, https://www.npr.org/2016/05/02/476498750/ eugene-v-debs-museum-explores-history-of-american-socialism).
3. Senator Sanders states: "Eugene Victor Debs remains a hero of mine. A plaque commemorating him hangs on the wall in my Washington office" (Bernie Sanders, Outsider in the White House [Brooklyn: Verso Books, 2015], 27, Kindle). Senator Sanders's lone experience with private enterprise was creating an audio documentary about Debs—one that Sanders wrote and produced himself and in which he delivers parts of some of Debs's speeches (Sanders, Outsider in the White House, 26; Jill Lapore, "Eugene V. Debs and the Endurance of Socialism," The New Yorker, February 11, 2019, https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2019/02/18/ eugene-v-debs-and-the-endurance-of-socialism).
4. Eugene Debs, "As Good a City Government as We Deserve: A Letter to the Terre Haute Post (February 24, 1914)," Marxists.org, accessed February 27, 2021, https://www.marxists.org/archive/debs/works/1914/140224- debs-asgoodacitygovernment.pdf, emphasis added.
5. Eugene Debs, "The Socialist Party and the Working Class (Opening Speech Delivered as Candidate of the Socialist Party for President of the United States, at Indianapolis, Ind., September 1, 1904)," in Debs: His Life, Writings and Speeches (St. Louis: Phil Wagner, 1908), 368.
6. Eugene Debs "The Essence of Social Democracy (September 3, 1900)," Marxists.org, accessed February 27, 2021, https://www.marxists.org/archive/debs/works/1900/000903-debs-essenceofsocialdemocracy.pdf.
7. Victor Berger, "Getting on the Band Wagon," in Berger's Broadsides (Milwaukee: Social-Democratic Publishing Co., 1912), 171, emphasis added.
8. Victor Berger, "Socialism or Communism," in Broadsides, 37.
9. August Bebel, Woman Under Socialism, trans. Daniel De Leon (New York: Schocken Books, 1971), 5.
10. Bebel, Woman Under Socialism, 326.
11. Bebel, Woman Under Socialism, 5.
12. Bernard Shaw, preface to Fabian Essays in Socialism, ed. Bernard Shaw (New York: Humboldt Publishing Co., 1891), xx, emphasis added.
13. Vladimir Lenin, quoted in E. H. Carr, The Soviet Impact on the Western World (London: McMillan & Co, 1947), 4.
14. Fidel Castro, "Part III of Interview With Fidel Castro [June 4, 1992]," Castro Speech Database, accessed February 27, 2021, http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/castro/db/1992/19920604.html.
15. Fidel Castro, "Castro Agrees to Return to the Premiership [July 27, 1957]," Castro Speech Database, accessed January 9, 2021, http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/castro/db/1959/19590727.html.
16. Juan Carlos Medel, "Cuban Democracy in the Speeches of Fidel Castro, 1959–1976," International Journal of Cuban Studies 11, no. 2 (Winter 2019): 340–48.
17. Medel, "Cuban Democracy in the Speeches of Fidel Castro," 351.
18. In 2019, Juan Carlos Medel wrote, "The socialist democracy of the Cuban revolutionary discourse became a legitimate alternative to the liberal democracy of the United States." Medel also claims that in the first seventeen years of the Castro regime, when not a single election was held, Cuba was even more democratic than it is now. Medel, "Cuban Democracy in the Speeches of Fidel Castro," 355.
19. The Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee was founded in 1973, and in 1982 it merged with the New American Movement to found the Democratic Socialists of America (see "History of Democratic Socialists of America 1971–2017," accessed February 17, 2021, https://www.dsausa.org/about-us/history/). Effectively all socialist organizations argue that they are democratic socialists, not just the DSA.
20. See n. 2.
21. The short-lived party Social Democracy of America was founded by Debs and others in June of 1897 and within a year became the Social Democratic Party of America. The Social Democratic Party would later become the Socialist Party of America. See Debs: His Life, Writings and Speeches, 20, 114.
22. Eugene Debs, "Against Fusion (May 14, 1898)," Marxists.org, accessed February 27, 2021, https://www. marxists.org/archive/debs/works/1898/980514-debs-againstfusion.pdf.
23. Frederick Heath, "The Social Democracy (January 1900)," Marxists.org, accessed February 27, 2021, https://www.marxists.org/archive/debs/works/1900/000100-heath-socialdemocracy.pdf. Heath was editor of the Social Democratic Herald. See Debs: His Life, Writings and Speeches, 102.
24. In the USSR and among supporters of Soviet socialism worldwide, Trotskyites like Canon were labeled "fascists" and accused of treason. For example, American socialist Alex Bittelman's wrote a book titled Trotsky the Traitor (New York: Workers Library Publishers, 1937). It opens: "Lenin called Trotsky Judas—and cautioned the people repeatedly to beware of him. Today Trotsky and his agents stand exposed before the whole world. … It is incredible, some people say, that Trotsky and his agents should have gone so far. Conspiring with Hitler and Japan to dismember the Soviet Union, to destroy its socialist system."(1). Bittelman defends the link between Soviet socialism under Stalin and democracy. The book includes a chapter titled "Soviet Democracy Vindicated."
Conversely, American socialist James Cannon was the leader of the "Trotskyite" Socialist Workers Party. In one speech, Cannon attacks other socialist sects (Stalinists and "Social Democrats"), saying they are imposters selling fraudulent socialism and thus not real democracy. Cannon says what's required for real democracy is "a clean break with all Stalinist and social democratic perversions and distortions of the real meaning of socialism and democracy and their relation to each other." He continues by praising his own movement as true socialism and thus the epitome of democracy: "The authentic socialist movement, as it was conceived by its founders and as it has developed over the past century, has been the most democratic movement in all history." James Cannon, "Socialism and Democracy," Marxists.org, accessed March 1, 2021, https://www. marxists.org/archive/cannon/works/1957/socialism.htm.
25. Castro, "Castro Agrees to Return to the Premiership."
26. Vladimir Lenin, quoted in Carr, Soviet Impact on the Western World, 4.
27. Margaret Cole, The Story of Fabian Socialism (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1964), 145, 145n
28. Sidney Webb and Beatrice Webb, Soviet Communism: A New Civilisation, 3rd ed. (London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1944). Beatrice Webb said that she "fell in love" with Soviet socialism—as is certainly demonstrated by her effusive praise for the system despite her knowledge of the many lives it was taking (Cole, The Story of Fabian Socialism, 220).
29. Beatrice Webb, introduction to Webb and Webb, Soviet Communism, xxi.
30. Webb's praise for the USSR as "the most inclusive and equalised democracy" was published in 1942, twenty-five years after the Russian Revolution of 1917 and well after the Great Terror (a political purge) and the Holodomor (a human-caused famine in Ukraine that many countries have recognized as a genocide) had taken millions of lives in the 1930s. Webb may have been unaware of the full scope of the deaths, but she was not oblivious to the fact that Soviet citizens were losing their lives to this supposed democracy. To learn more about the Great Terror and the Holodomor, see the Red Flags Press paper "Democratic Socialism? Déjà Vu All Over Again." For the definitive account of the Great Terror, see Robert Conquest, The Great Terror: A Reassessment (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008); and for an excellent overview of causes and results of the Holodomor, see Anne Applebaum, Red Famine: Stalin's War on the Ukraine (New York: Doubleday, 2017).
31. Debs said of the USSR: "They have laid the foundation of the first real democracy that ever drew the breath of life in this world." Eugene Debs, "The Canton, Ohio, Speech [June 16, 1918]," in Eugene V. Debs Speaks, ed. Jean Y. Tussey (New York: Pathfinder Press, 1970), 271.
32. Harrington refers to Marx as a "social democrat" (Michael Harrington, Socialism [New York: Saturday Review Press, 1970)], 57); and Harrington dedicates one of his books to "democratic socialist, Karl Marx" (Michael Harrington, The Twilight of Capitalism [New York: Simon and Schuster, 1976], v). For additional details, see the Red Flags Press paper "Karl Marx, 'Democratic Socialist.'"
33. Harrington refers to Marx as a "social democrat" (Michael Harrington, Socialism [New York: Saturday Review Press, 1970)], 57); and Harrington dedicates one of his books to "democratic socialist, Karl Marx" (Michael Harrington, The Twilight of Capitalism [New York: Simon and Schuster, 1976], v). For additional details, see the Red Flags Press paper "Karl Marx, 'Democratic Socialist.'"
34. David Weigel, "The socialist movement is getting younger and turning into a left-wing force," Chicago Tribune, August 6, 2017, https://www.chicagotribune.com/nation-world/ct-socialist-movement-bernie-sanders-20170806-story.html.
What song did the DSA convention attendees sing? One honoring far-left British socialist leader Jeremy Corbyn, who at the time was the head of the British Labour Party. In 2020, Corbyn was expelled due to Labour Party anti-Semitism. Benjamin Mueller, "Labour Party Suspends Jeremy Corbyn Over Anti-Semitism Response," New York Times, October 29, 2020, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/29/world/europe/jeremy- corbyn-labour-anti-semitism.html.
35. Weigel, "Socialist movement is getting younger."
36. Marx and his thinking dominated every aspect of Soviet society, most obviously in the operations of the socialist government and the policies it introduced. One massive societal change carried out on Marx's precepts was the USSR's move to "collectivize" all farming. Marx called not only for the end of private ownership of all businesses but also for the end of all privately owned farms. He strongly favored the perceived efficiency of large- scale production in both industry and agriculture. In their most successful work, The Communist Manifesto, Marx and Engels call for socialism to be based on "industrial armies, especially for agriculture" (Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, Manifesto of the Communist Party, in The Marx-Engels Reader, ed. Robert Tucker [New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1978], 352).
Early decrees ended all private ownership of land and laid out the goal for a "socialist system of agriculture" based exclusively on large collective farms. The decrees included statements like "the landowners' right of property in land is herewith abolished without compensation"; "the right of private property in land is to
be abolished for all time"; "all forms of individual land farming … [are to be] transitory and passing"; and "encourage a collective system of farming … at the expense of individual farming, with a view toward the transition to the socialist system of agriculture" (see W. Ladejinsky, "Collectivization of Agriculture in the Soviet Union," Political Science Quarterly 49, no. 1 [March 1934]: 7–8). After the forceful taking of land rights from small farmers, the Soviet state began the process of forced collectivization under Lenin, and it was expedited under Joseph Stalin (Ladejinsky, "Collectivization of Agriculture in the Soviet Union," 27–34). The human cost of the collectivization was staggering, and the policy is closely tied to the death by starvation of millions in Ukraine (see Applebaum, Red Famine).
Despite being aware of the catastrophic results of forced collectivization in the USSR, the leaders of the People's Republic of China similarly attempted to follow Marx's thinking by collectivizing farming as part of the so-called Great Leap Forward. The results of these socialist policies were again disastrous, also costing millions of lives. See Frank Dikötter, Mao's Great Famine (New York: Walker Publishing Company, 2010).
Marxism also dominated the culture of the USSR in education. All Soviet children were taught "the true science of Marxism" as part of their schooling. See Joseph S. Roucek, "Special Features of USSR's Secondary Education," The High School Journal, no. 1 (October 1960): 21.
37. Mao Tse-tung, "Speech at the Chinese Communist Party's National Conference on Propaganda Work (March 12, 1957)," in Quotations from Chairman Mao (Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 1966), 20. (Note: Because of a change in how Chinese names are represented in the Latin alphabet, Mao's full name today commonly appears as "Mao Zedong," though "Mao Tse-tung" will still be found in many printed works.)
38. Nectar Gan, "A new class struggle: Chinese party members get back to Communist Manifesto basics," South China Morning Post, April 29, 2018, https://www.scmp.com/print/news/china/policies-politics/ article/2143841/new-class-struggle-chinese-party-members-get-back.
39. Nectar Gan, "A new class struggle."
40. People's Daily, China (@PDChina), "China's national rejuvenation cannot be achieved without theoretical thinking; Marxism has always been the guiding ideology of our Party and country: Xi #KarlMarx200," Twitter, May 3, 2018, https://twitter.com/PDChina/status/992236636632006656?s=20.
41. "China marks 200 years of Karl Marx's birth as Xi leads in new era," Xinhua, May 4, 2018, http://www. xinhuanet.com/english/2018-05/04/c_137156583.htm.
42. For example, Harrington writes: "The goal of socialism, clearly, is to overcome greed and act on the basis of 'to each according to his/her need, from each according to his/her ability'" (Michael Harrington, "What Socialists Would Do in America—If They Could," Dissent, Fall 1978, 445).
43. Weigel, "The socialist movement is getting younger."
44. Louis Blanc is generally credited with coining the expression "from each according to his ability, to each according to his needs" in the 1840s, though another French socialist, Étienne Cabet, also began using this saying at roughly the same time. But while Blanc (and Cabet) developed the specific wording for the socialist standard of duty still used today, it was Karl Marx's adoption of this saying as his own that made it the most famous saying of socialism and its defining goal. One of the best-known (at least in socialist circles) passages Marx ever wrote is in his Critique of the Gotha Program, where he states that a "higher phase" of socialist society would eventually "inscribe on its banners 'from each according to his ability, to each according to his need'" (Karl Marx, Critique of the Gotha Program, 388).
45. Socialism's most famous saying, "from each according to their ability, to each according to their need," is a dog whistle. That is to say, it communicates many things to socialist insiders that non-socialists don't hear.
When knowledgeable socialist hear this phrase, it suggests a world that has achieved the long-term socialist goal of eliminating all businesses. How so? Knowledgeable socialist understand that socialist theory says a world of "to each according to their need" is a world in which every needed good and service is available for free. And a world in which all goods were free is, by definition, a world without businesses, since businesses sell goods to earn a profit. If all goods and services are somehow made free, there is nothing to sell and no way to make a profit. To say one wishes a world based on "to each according to their need" is to say one hopes for a world without a single business, large or small.
To learn more about what's needed to achieve a society based on the axiom "from each according to their ability, to each according to their need, see the upcoming Red Flags Press paper "The Secret Sauce of Socialism."
46. Socialist great Vladimir Lenin began the practice of using "communism" to refer to what Karl Marx had called the "higher phase" of socialist society that would come about if an initial phase of socialist society could so massively boost production as to create the world of super-abundance required to deliver on the socialist promise of "to each according to their need." For the bulk of the twentieth century, until the collapse of the USSR, the common socialist practice was to refer to a world based on "from each according to their ability, to each according to their need" as "communism." This practice ceased and the word "communism" all but disappeared from socialist parlance following the collapse of the USSR. To learn more, see the Red Flags Press paper "Socialism? Communism? What's the Difference?"
47. Mao Tse-tung, "Combat Liberalism," in Selected Works of Mao Tse-tung, vol. 2 (Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 1965), 31–34. See Marxists.org, https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/selected- works/volume-2/mswv2_03.htm.
48. Karl Marx, Critique of the Gotha Program, 388.
49. Today's socialists say R. H. Tawney should be considered a democratic socialist. See, for example, the description of Ross Terrill's biography R. H. Tawney and His Times (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1973): "Economic historian, democratic socialist, educator, and British labor party activist, R. H. Tawney touched many worlds."
50. R. H. Tawney, The Acquisitive Society (London: G. Bell and Sons, 1921), 96.
51. As is the socialist norm, Lebowitz sees "socialism" and "democracy" as synonyms. See Lebowitz, Socialist Imperative, 154–55. See also Michael Lebowitz, The Socialist Alternative: Real Human Development (New York: Monthly Review Press, 2010), 132, in which Lebowitz outlines the "battle of democracy," which could just as well be called "the battle of socialism."
52. Michael Lebowitz, The Socialist Imperative: From Gotha to Now (New York: Monthly Review, 2015), 67.
53. Fred Magdoff, "An Ecologically Sound and Socially Just Economy," Monthly Review, September 1, 2014, https://monthlyreview.org/2014/09/01/an-ecologically-sound-and-socially-just-economy/, emphasis added. How is it that people would be kept from wasting what socialists treat as society's time? The only possible way is to abolish the private labor rights we have in our liberal society—our right to use the time in our lives as we wish. Socialism would limit our choices to what is approved by those running society.
54. Marx and Engels, The Communist Manifesto, 41.
55. Buhle and Buhle, "The Face of American Socialism before Bernie Sanders?"
56. Huntsberry, "Eugene V. Debs Museum Explores History of American Socialism."
57. Eugene Debs, "The Social Democratic Party: Revolutionary Not Reform (March 6, 1900)," Marxists.org, accessed March 1, 2021, https://www.marxists.org/archive/debs/works/1900/000306-debs-lettertonyjournal. pdf, emphasis added.
Here are two additional examples of democratic socialist Eugene Debs calling for the elimination of our private property rights and for the collective ownership of all industry, large and small:
"Private ownership and competition have had their day. The Socialist party stands for social ownership and co-operation. The one is Capitalism; the other Socialism." Eugene V. Debs, "Capitalism and Socialism," in Labor and Freedom, 173; see Marxists.org, https://www.marxists.org/archive/debs/works/1912/1912-capsoc.htm.
"Between private ownership and collective ownership there can be no compromise." Eugene V. Debs "Mission of the Socialist Party" May 26, 1902; see Marxists.org, https://www.marxists.org/archive/debs/ works/1902/0526-debs-missionofthespa.pdf.
58. Eugene Debs, "The Social Democratic Party," Independent (New York), August 23, 1900, https://www. marxists.org/archive/debs/works/1900/000823-debs-thesocialdemocraticparty.pdf, emphasis added.
59. Michael Steven Smith, "Law in a Socialist USA," Imagine: Living in a Socialist USA, ed. Frances Goldin, Debby Smith, Michael Steven Smith (New York: Harper Perennial, 2014), 58.
60. Michael Harrington, "What Socialists Would Do in America—If They Could," Dissent, Fall 1978, 448.
61. Harrington, "What Socialists Would Do in America," 448.
62. Harrington, "What Socialists Would Do in America," 448.
63. French Socialist Louis Blanc is typically credited with developing the expression "from each according to his ability, to each according to his need" in the 1840s (though another French socialist, Étienne Cabet, also started using it at roughly the same time). Here's one example of Blanc's using this expression in 1848: "Chacun produise selon son aptitude et ses forces, que chacun consomme selon ses besoins." Louis Blanc, Nouveau discours de M. Louis Blanc sur l'organisation du travail devant l'assemblée générale des délègues des travailleurs (Paris: Commission du Gouvernement Pour Travailleurs, 1848), 10.
64. "From each, according to his abilities. That is the DUTY" ("De chacun, selon ses facultés. Là est le DEVOIR"). Louis Blanc, La Historie de la Révolution de 1848, vol. 1 (Paris: C. Marpon,1880), 148.
65. Louis Blanc explains: "The more a man can, the more he must." ("Plus un homme peut, plus il doit."). Blanc, Historie de la Révolution de 1848, 148.
66. Numerous Red Flags Press papers explore the fact that socialist duty turns the time in our lives into what socialism treats as society's property—as society's time. See "The Ripple Effects of Socialist Duty," "Why Socialism Says Slacking Is Theft," "The Socialist Obsession," and "Why Socialism Says Craftwork Is 'Idiocy'."
67. The liberal philosophy that underpins our current society rejects compulsory duty of the type socialism demands. Why? Because "from each according to their ability" gives others the power to control our time and talents without our consent. Our duty to pay taxes in liberal society only comes into play after we've chosen what to do with our lives. Taxes apply to the economic results of our choices; they don't put those running society in a position to make those choices for us.
In contrast, socialism's duty of "from each according to their ability" is enforced before we decide what to do with our lives. Socialist duty morphs our abilities into society's property to control—it turns our time into society's time. For example, socialist duty puts those running socialist society in a position to define what kind of work is a good use of that time and to forbid work that isn't "socially useful."
68. Socialism's obsession with "parasites" is joined at the hip with its commitment to duty. Sidney and Beatrice Webb described socialist duty as a "duty not to be a parasite" (Webb and Webb, Soviet Communism, 437).
69. For examples of 101 socialist thinkers attacking "parasites," "parasitism," and all things "parasitic," see the Red Flags Press paper "101 Damnations."
70. DSA founder Michael Harrington writes: "The goal of socialism, clearly, is to overcome greed and act on the basis of 'to each according to his/her need, from each according to his/her ability.'" Harrington, "What Socialists Would Do in America—If They Could," 445.
Similarly, Ron Baiman directly links democratic socialism with socialism's central mantra when he discusses "the only way that the current capitalist … as opposed to democratic socialist ('from each according to ability, to each according to their need'), economics can be justified" (Ron P. Baiman, The Morality of Radical Economics [New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2016], 276). Robert Sewell writes: "Society will be based on the principle 'from each according to their ability, to each according to their need.' In other words, a classless society based upon solidarity and the harmonious satisfaction of everyone's needs" (Robert Sewell, "Why you should be a socialist," Socialist Appeal, September 4, 2015, https://www.socialist.net/why-you-should-be-a-socialist.htm).
70. Weigel, "Socialist movement is getting younger."
71. Socialist theory is explicit that creating and maintaining socialism requires that society have the ability to override our right to use our lives as we choose. For example, socialist theory says that capitalist society permits the waste of great quantities of labor time by people working allegedly superfluous jobs. The way that socialism is to achieve its many goals is by making any number of supposedly "socially useless" jobs illegal and forcing those who work them to perform approved work instead.
It's only because socialism's duty of "from each according to their ability" turns our time into what is effectively society's time that those running socialist society end up with the power to pass judgment on what types of work are legitimate. If a "socialist" government maintained the rights of a liberal society (e.g., the freedom to work essentially any job we choose), there would be no way for socialism to recover the supposedly "wasted" labor that is the key to achieving socialist objectives.
On p.12 of this paper, we saw present-day socialist thinker Fred Magdoff suggest that roughly half of all work performed in our society is "useless" work from the socialist perspective—work that would be suppressed in a "democratic" socialist society. Similarly, in his 2013 article "To Each According to Their Need," Paul D'Amato writes that in socialist society, goods "are produced because they're socially necessary"—that is to say, that socialist society would pass judgment on all goods regarding whether society needs them or not, suppressing the production of those judged unneeded (Paul D'Amato, "To Each According to Their Need," Socialist Worker, August 23, 2013, https://socialistworker.org/2013/08/23/to-each-according-to-their-need).
The ability to suppress allegedly useless jobs and products, as Magdoff, D'Amato, and countless other present-day socialist thinkers call for, hinges on our being under the thumb of the socialist duty that turns our time and talents into society's property to control. Maybe you come up with an idea that others see as useless but that you love and want to pursue; in our liberal society, you're free to use your life to pursue your supposedly silly idea, even if others consider it useless. Why? Because in liberal society, the time in your life is yours to use as you wish, not under society's control and to be used only on approved purposes. How many of the products we use and consider essential today began as some individual's "useless" and "stupid" idea?
72. From socialism's first days, socialist thinkers have attacked selling as intrinsically unethical and have labeled those who work in sales, marketing, and advertising as "parasites." J. Morrison Davidson writes that "in the Cooperative Commonwealth this incessant fraud of buying and selling will be at an end" (J. Morrison Davidson, The Old Order and the New: From Individualism to Collectivism [London: William Reeves, 1902], 134). Socialist superstar Charles Fourier attacks merchants, as well as "speculators" and Jews: "When a science [free market economics] adopts in principle to admit only the truth, the whole truth and nothing but the truth, it is quite surprising that its doctors [free market economists] are passionate about the merchants, the speculators and Jews from whom, far from finding the truth and nothing but the truth, we are so sure to meet the lie and nothing but the lie" ("Lorsqu'une science adopte en principe de n'admettre que la vérité́, toute la vérité́, rien que la vérité, il est assez surprenant ses docteurs se passionnent pour les marchands, les agioteurs et les Juifs, chez qui, loin de trouver la vérité et rien que la vérité, on était si assuré de rencontrerez mensonge et rien que le mensonge") (Charles Fourier, Oeuvres complètes de Charles Fourier, vol. 5 [Paris: Éditions Anthropos, 1966], 196–97).
73. It was Marx's position that a socialist society was impossible until all buying, selling and wage labor (pay for work) was abolished. There would thus be no need for sales and advertising. Anitra Nelson and Frans Timmerman write: "A moneyless, marketless, wageless, classless and stateless planetary society is necessary and possible." Anitra Nelson and Frans Timmerman, "Use Value and Non-Market Socialism," in Life Without Money: Building Fair and Sustainable Economies, ed. Anitra Nelson and Frans Timmerman (London: Pluto Press, 2011), 2.
74. Terry Bisson, "Thanksgiving 2077: A Short Story," in Imagine: Living in a Socialist USA, ed. Frances Goldin, Debby Smith, Michael Smith (New York: Harper Perennial, 2014), 271.